Enviornment

1 + 100

2^2

7/2

4-1

2*2

3 + 5*2

(3+5)*2

2e2

2/100000

sin(1)

log(1)

exp(0)

1 == 1

1 >= 1

1 < 1

1 != 2

x <- 10

x <- 10

x

x + x

x - 5

x^2

y <- x + x

y

1:5

2^(1:5)

v <- 1:5

2^v

log10(v)

Package managment

installed.packages()
           Package      LibPath                                                         
askpass    "askpass"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
base       "base"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
base64enc  "base64enc"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
boot       "boot"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
bslib      "bslib"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
cachem     "cachem"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
class      "class"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
cluster    "cluster"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
codetools  "codetools"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
compiler   "compiler"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
curl       "curl"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
datasets   "datasets"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
digest     "digest"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
evaluate   "evaluate"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
fastmap    "fastmap"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
foreign    "foreign"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
fs         "fs"         "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
glue       "glue"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
graphics   "graphics"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
grDevices  "grDevices"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
grid       "grid"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
highr      "highr"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
htmltools  "htmltools"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
jquerylib  "jquerylib"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
jsonlite   "jsonlite"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
KernSmooth "KernSmooth" "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
knitr      "knitr"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
lattice    "lattice"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
magrittr   "magrittr"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
markdown   "markdown"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
MASS       "MASS"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
Matrix     "Matrix"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
memoise    "memoise"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
methods    "methods"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
mgcv       "mgcv"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
mime       "mime"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
nlme       "nlme"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
nnet       "nnet"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
openssl    "openssl"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
packrat    "packrat"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
parallel   "parallel"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
permute    "permute"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
R6         "R6"         "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rappdirs   "rappdirs"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rlang      "rlang"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rmarkdown  "rmarkdown"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rpart      "rpart"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rsconnect  "rsconnect"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rstudioapi "rstudioapi" "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
sass       "sass"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
spatial    "spatial"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
splines    "splines"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stats      "stats"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stats4     "stats4"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stringi    "stringi"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stringr    "stringr"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
survival   "survival"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
sys        "sys"        "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tcltk      "tcltk"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tinytex    "tinytex"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tools      "tools"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
utils      "utils"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
           Version   Priority      Depends                                          
askpass    "1.1"     NA            NA                                               
base       "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
base64enc  "0.1-3"   NA            "R (>= 2.9.0)"                                   
boot       "1.3-28"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats"                  
bslib      "0.4.0"   NA            "R (>= 2.10)"                                    
cachem     "1.0.6"   NA            NA                                               
class      "7.3-20"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), stats, utils"                     
cluster    "2.1.3"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
codetools  "0.2-18"  "recommended" "R (>= 2.1)"                                     
compiler   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
curl       "4.3.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
datasets   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
digest     "0.6.29"  NA            "R (>= 3.3.0)"                                   
evaluate   "0.16"    NA            "R (>= 3.0.2)"                                   
fastmap    "1.1.0"   NA            NA                                               
foreign    "0.8-82"  "recommended" "R (>= 4.0.0)"                                   
fs         "1.5.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
glue       "1.6.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.4)"                                     
graphics   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
grDevices  "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
grid       "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
highr      "0.9"     NA            "R (>= 3.2.3)"                                   
htmltools  "0.5.3"   NA            "R (>= 2.14.1)"                                  
jquerylib  "0.1.4"   NA            NA                                               
jsonlite   "1.8.0"   NA            "methods"                                        
KernSmooth "2.23-20" "recommended" "R (>= 2.5.0), stats"                            
knitr      "1.40"    NA            "R (>= 3.3.0)"                                   
lattice    "0.20-45" "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
magrittr   "2.0.3"   NA            "R (>= 3.4.0)"                                   
markdown   "1.1"     NA            "R (>= 2.11.1)"                                  
MASS       "7.3-57"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.3.0), grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"
Matrix     "1.4-1"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
memoise    "2.0.1"   NA            NA                                               
methods    "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
mgcv       "1.8-40"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.6.0), nlme (>= 3.1-64)"                 
mime       "0.12"    NA            NA                                               
nlme       "3.1-157" "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
nnet       "7.3-17"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), stats, utils"                     
openssl    "2.0.3"   NA            NA                                               
packrat    "0.8.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
parallel   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
permute    "0.9-7"   NA            "R (>= 2.14.0)"                                  
R6         "2.5.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.0)"                                     
rappdirs   "0.3.3"   NA            "R (>= 3.2)"                                     
rlang      "1.0.6"   NA            "R (>= 3.4.0)"                                   
rmarkdown  "2.16"    NA            "R (>= 3.0)"                                     
rpart      "4.1.16"  "recommended" "R (>= 2.15.0), graphics, stats, grDevices"      
rsconnect  "0.8.27"  NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
rstudioapi "0.14"    NA            NA                                               
sass       "0.4.2"   NA            NA                                               
spatial    "7.3-15"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats, utils"           
splines    "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stats      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stats4     "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stringi    "1.7.8"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
stringr    "1.4.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
survival   "3.3-1"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
sys        "3.4"     NA            NA                                               
tcltk      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
tinytex    "0.42"    NA            NA                                               
tools      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
utils      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
           Imports                                                                                                                                                                                                
askpass    "sys (>= 2.1)"                                                                                                                                                                                         
base       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
base64enc  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
boot       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
bslib      "grDevices, htmltools (>= 0.5.2), jsonlite, sass (>= 0.4.0),\njquerylib (>= 0.1.3), rlang, cachem, memoise"                                                                                            
cachem     "rlang, fastmap"                                                                                                                                                                                       
class      "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                 
cluster    "graphics, grDevices, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                                    
codetools  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
compiler   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
curl       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
datasets   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
digest     "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
evaluate   "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
fastmap    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
foreign    "methods, utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                
fs         "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
glue       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
graphics   "grDevices"                                                                                                                                                                                            
grDevices  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
grid       "grDevices, utils"                                                                                                                                                                                     
highr      "xfun (>= 0.18)"                                                                                                                                                                                       
htmltools  "utils, digest, grDevices, base64enc, rlang (>= 0.4.10),\nfastmap (>= 1.1.0)"                                                                                                                          
jquerylib  "htmltools"                                                                                                                                                                                            
jsonlite   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
KernSmooth NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
knitr      "evaluate (>= 0.15), highr, methods, stringr (>= 0.6), yaml (>=\n2.1.19), xfun (>= 0.29), tools"                                                                                                       
lattice    "grid, grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                              
magrittr   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
markdown   "utils, xfun, mime (>= 0.3)"                                                                                                                                                                           
MASS       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
Matrix     "methods, graphics, grid, stats, utils, lattice"                                                                                                                                                       
memoise    "rlang (>= 0.4.10), cachem"                                                                                                                                                                            
methods    "utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                         
mgcv       "methods, stats, graphics, Matrix, splines, utils"                                                                                                                                                     
mime       "tools"                                                                                                                                                                                                
nlme       "graphics, stats, utils, lattice"                                                                                                                                                                      
nnet       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
openssl    "askpass"                                                                                                                                                                                              
packrat    "tools, utils"                                                                                                                                                                                         
parallel   "tools, compiler"                                                                                                                                                                                      
permute    "stats"                                                                                                                                                                                                
R6         NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rappdirs   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rlang      "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
rmarkdown  "bslib (>= 0.2.5.1), evaluate (>= 0.13), htmltools (>= 0.5.1),\njquerylib, jsonlite, knitr (>= 1.22), methods, stringr (>=\n1.2.0), tinytex (>= 0.31), tools, utils, xfun (>= 0.30), yaml\n(>= 2.1.19)"
rpart      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rsconnect  "curl, digest, jsonlite, openssl (>= 2.0.0), packrat (>= 0.6),\nrstudioapi (>= 0.5), tools, yaml (>= 2.1.5)"                                                                                           
rstudioapi NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
sass       "fs, rlang (>= 0.4.10), htmltools (>= 0.5.1), R6, rappdirs"                                                                                                                                            
spatial    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
splines    "graphics, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                      
stats      "utils, grDevices, graphics"                                                                                                                                                                           
stats4     "graphics, methods, stats"                                                                                                                                                                             
stringi    "tools, utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                  
stringr    "glue (>= 1.2.0), magrittr, stringi (>= 1.1.7)"                                                                                                                                                        
survival   "graphics, Matrix, methods, splines, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                     
sys        NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
tcltk      "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
tinytex    "xfun (>= 0.29)"                                                                                                                                                                                       
tools      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
utils      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
           LinkingTo
askpass    NA       
base       NA       
base64enc  NA       
boot       NA       
bslib      NA       
cachem     NA       
class      NA       
cluster    NA       
codetools  NA       
compiler   NA       
curl       NA       
datasets   NA       
digest     NA       
evaluate   NA       
fastmap    NA       
foreign    NA       
fs         NA       
glue       NA       
graphics   NA       
grDevices  NA       
grid       NA       
highr      NA       
htmltools  NA       
jquerylib  NA       
jsonlite   NA       
KernSmooth NA       
knitr      NA       
lattice    NA       
magrittr   NA       
markdown   NA       
MASS       NA       
Matrix     NA       
memoise    NA       
methods    NA       
mgcv       NA       
mime       NA       
nlme       NA       
nnet       NA       
openssl    NA       
packrat    NA       
parallel   NA       
permute    NA       
R6         NA       
rappdirs   NA       
rlang      NA       
rmarkdown  NA       
rpart      NA       
rsconnect  NA       
rstudioapi NA       
sass       NA       
spatial    NA       
splines    NA       
stats      NA       
stats4     NA       
stringi    NA       
stringr    NA       
survival   NA       
sys        NA       
tcltk      NA       
tinytex    NA       
tools      NA       
utils      NA       
           Suggests                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
askpass    "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
base       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
base64enc  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
boot       "MASS, survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
bslib      "shiny (>= 1.6.0), rmarkdown (>= 2.7), thematic, knitr,\ntestthat, withr, rappdirs, curl, magrittr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
cachem     "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
class      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
cluster    "MASS, Matrix"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
codetools  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
compiler   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
curl       "spelling, testthat (>= 1.0.0), knitr, jsonlite, rmarkdown,\nmagrittr, httpuv (>= 1.4.4), webutils"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
datasets   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
digest     "tinytest, simplermarkdown"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
evaluate   "covr, ggplot2, lattice, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
fastmap    "testthat (>= 2.1.1)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
foreign    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
fs         "testthat, covr, pillar (>= 1.0.0), tibble (>= 1.1.0), crayon,\nrmarkdown, knitr, withr, spelling, vctrs (>= 0.3.0)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
glue       "covr, crayon, DBI, dplyr, forcats, ggplot2, knitr, magrittr,\nmicrobenchmark, R.utils, rmarkdown, rprintf, RSQLite, stringr,\ntestthat (>= 3.0.0), vctrs (>= 0.3.0), waldo (>= 0.3.0), withr"                                                                                                                                                     
graphics   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
grDevices  "KernSmooth"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
grid       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
highr      "knitr, markdown, testit"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
htmltools  "markdown, testthat, withr, Cairo, ragg, shiny"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
jquerylib  "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
jsonlite   "httr, curl, vctrs, testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, R.rsp, sf"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
KernSmooth "MASS, carData"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
knitr      "markdown, formatR, testit, digest, rgl (>= 0.95.1201),\ncodetools, rmarkdown, htmlwidgets (>= 0.7), webshot, tikzDevice\n(>= 0.10), tinytex, reticulate (>= 1.4), JuliaCall (>= 0.11.1),\nmagick, png, jpeg, gifski, xml2 (>= 1.2.0), httr, DBI (>=\n0.4-1), showtext, tibble, sass, bslib, ragg, gridSVG, styler\n(>= 1.2.0), targets (>= 0.6.0)"
lattice    "KernSmooth, MASS, latticeExtra"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
magrittr   "covr, knitr, rlang, rmarkdown, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
markdown   "knitr, RCurl"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
MASS       "lattice, nlme, nnet, survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
Matrix     "expm, MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
memoise    "digest, aws.s3, covr, googleAuthR, googleCloudStorageR, httr,\ntestthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
methods    "codetools"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
mgcv       "parallel, survival, MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
mime       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
nlme       "Hmisc, MASS, SASmixed"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
nnet       "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
openssl    "curl, testthat (>= 2.1.0), digest, knitr, rmarkdown,\njsonlite, jose, sodium"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
packrat    "testthat (>= 3.0.0), devtools, httr, knitr, rmarkdown"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
parallel   "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
permute    "vegan (>= 2.0-0), testthat (>= 0.5), parallel, knitr,\nrmarkdown, bookdown, sessioninfo"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
R6         "testthat, pryr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
rappdirs   "roxygen2, testthat (>= 3.0.0), covr, withr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
rlang      "cli (>= 3.1.0), covr, crayon, fs, glue, knitr, magrittr,\nmethods, pillar, rmarkdown, stats, testthat (>= 3.0.0), tibble,\nusethis, vctrs (>= 0.2.3), withr"                                                                                                                                                                                      
rmarkdown  "digest, dygraphs, fs, rsconnect, downlit (>= 0.4.0), katex\n(>= 1.4.0), sass (>= 0.4.0), shiny (>= 1.6.0), testthat (>=\n3.0.3), tibble, tufte, vctrs, withr (>= 2.4.2)"                                                                                                                                                                          
rpart      "survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
rsconnect  "MASS, RCurl, callr, httpuv, knitr, plumber (>= 0.3.2),\nreticulate, rmarkdown (>= 1.1), shiny, sourcetools, testthat,\nxtable"                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
rstudioapi "testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, clipr, covr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
sass       "testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, withr, shiny, curl"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
spatial    "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
splines    "Matrix, methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
stats      "MASS, Matrix, SuppDists, methods, stats4"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
stats4     NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
stringi    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
stringr    "covr, htmltools, htmlwidgets, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
survival   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
sys        "unix (>= 1.4), spelling, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
tcltk      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
tinytex    "testit, rstudioapi"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
tools      "codetools, methods, xml2, curl, commonmark, knitr, xfun, mathjaxr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
utils      "methods, xml2, commonmark, knitr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
           Enhances                                                             
askpass    NA                                                                   
base       NA                                                                   
base64enc  "png"                                                                
boot       NA                                                                   
bslib      NA                                                                   
cachem     NA                                                                   
class      NA                                                                   
cluster    NA                                                                   
codetools  NA                                                                   
compiler   NA                                                                   
curl       NA                                                                   
datasets   NA                                                                   
digest     NA                                                                   
evaluate   NA                                                                   
fastmap    NA                                                                   
foreign    NA                                                                   
fs         NA                                                                   
glue       NA                                                                   
graphics   NA                                                                   
grDevices  NA                                                                   
grid       NA                                                                   
highr      NA                                                                   
htmltools  "knitr"                                                              
jquerylib  NA                                                                   
jsonlite   NA                                                                   
KernSmooth NA                                                                   
knitr      NA                                                                   
lattice    "chron"                                                              
magrittr   NA                                                                   
markdown   NA                                                                   
MASS       NA                                                                   
Matrix     "MatrixModels, graph, SparseM, sfsmisc, igraph, maptools, sp,\nspdep"
memoise    NA                                                                   
methods    NA                                                                   
mgcv       NA                                                                   
mime       NA                                                                   
nlme       NA                                                                   
nnet       NA                                                                   
openssl    NA                                                                   
packrat    NA                                                                   
parallel   "snow, nws, Rmpi"                                                    
permute    NA                                                                   
R6         NA                                                                   
rappdirs   NA                                                                   
rlang      "winch"                                                              
rmarkdown  NA                                                                   
rpart      NA                                                                   
rsconnect  NA                                                                   
rstudioapi NA                                                                   
sass       NA                                                                   
spatial    NA                                                                   
splines    NA                                                                   
stats      NA                                                                   
stats4     NA                                                                   
stringi    NA                                                                   
stringr    NA                                                                   
survival   NA                                                                   
sys        NA                                                                   
tcltk      NA                                                                   
tinytex    NA                                                                   
tools      NA                                                                   
utils      NA                                                                   
           License                       License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type
askpass    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
base       "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
base64enc  "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
boot       "Unlimited"                   NA              NA                    NA     
bslib      "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
cachem     "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
class      "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
cluster    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
codetools  "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
compiler   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
curl       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
datasets   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
digest     "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
evaluate   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
fastmap    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
foreign    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
fs         "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
glue       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
graphics   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
grDevices  "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
grid       "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
highr      "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
htmltools  "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
jquerylib  "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
jsonlite   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
KernSmooth "Unlimited"                   NA              NA                    NA     
knitr      "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
lattice    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
magrittr   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
markdown   "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
MASS       "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
Matrix     "GPL (>= 2) | file LICENCE"   NA              NA                    NA     
memoise    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
methods    "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
mgcv       "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
mime       "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
nlme       "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
nnet       "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
openssl    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
packrat    "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
parallel   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
permute    "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
R6         "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rappdirs   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rlang      "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rmarkdown  "GPL-3"                       NA              NA                    NA     
rpart      "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
rsconnect  "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
rstudioapi "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
sass       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
spatial    "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
splines    "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stats      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stats4     "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stringi    "file LICENSE"                NA              NA                    NA     
stringr    "GPL-2 | file LICENSE"        NA              NA                    NA     
survival   "LGPL (>= 2)"                 NA              NA                    NA     
sys        "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
tcltk      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
tinytex    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
tools      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
utils      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
           MD5sum NeedsCompilation Built  
askpass    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
base       NA     NA               "4.2.1"
base64enc  NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
boot       NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
bslib      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
cachem     NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
class      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
cluster    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
codetools  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
compiler   NA     NA               "4.2.1"
curl       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
datasets   NA     NA               "4.2.1"
digest     NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
evaluate   NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
fastmap    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
foreign    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
fs         NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
glue       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
graphics   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
grDevices  NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
grid       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
highr      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
htmltools  NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
jquerylib  NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
jsonlite   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
KernSmooth NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
knitr      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
lattice    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
magrittr   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
markdown   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
MASS       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
Matrix     NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
memoise    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
methods    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
mgcv       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
mime       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
nlme       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
nnet       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
openssl    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
packrat    NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
parallel   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
permute    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
R6         NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
rappdirs   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
rlang      NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
rmarkdown  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
rpart      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
rsconnect  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
rstudioapi NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
sass       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
spatial    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
splines    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
stats      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
stats4     NA     NA               "4.2.1"
stringi    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
stringr    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
survival   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
sys        NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
tcltk      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
tinytex    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
tools      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
utils      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
 [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 2 rows ]
#install.packages("vegan", dependencies = TRUE)
#library(vegan)
#remove.packages("vegan")

Getting Help

?plot()
help(plot)
?"<-"
vignette("FAQ-vegan")
Warning: vignette ‘FAQ-vegan’ not found

Data and their formats

cats <- data.frame(coat = c("calico", "black", "taffy"),
                   weight = c(2.1,5,3.2),
                   likes_string = c(1,0,1))
cats
getwd()
[1] "/Users/josh/Desktop/BIOL PRACTICAL COMPUTING/pratcomp_2022"
write.csv(cats, file = "./cats.csv")
cats <- read.csv("./data/cats/csv")
Warning: cannot open file './data/cats/csv': No such file or directoryError in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection
cats$coat
[1] "calico" "black"  "taffy" 
cats$weight
[1] 2.1 5.0 3.2
cats$weight*10
[1] 21 50 32
log(cats$weight)
[1] 0.7419373 1.6094379 1.1631508
logweight <- log(cats$weight)
cbind(cats,logweight)
cats <- cbind(cats,logweight)
cats
paste("My cat is ", cats$coat, ", and it weighs ", cats$weight, " kg.", sep="")
[1] "My cat is calico, and it weighs 2.1 kg." "My cat is black, and it weighs 5 kg."   
[3] "My cat is taffy, and it weighs 3.2 kg." 

Data types

typeof(cats$coat)
[1] "character"
typeof(cats$weight)
[1] "double"
typeof(cats$likes_string)
[1] "double"
typeof(3.14159)
[1] "double"
typeof(FALSE)
[1] "logical"
typeof(TRUE)
[1] "logical"
typeof(T)
[1] "logical"
typeof(F)
[1] "logical"
typeof(cats)
[1] "list"
class(cats)
[1] "data.frame"
file.show("./data/cats.csv")
Error: File ./data/cats.csv does not exist.
cats$likes_string <- as.logical(cats$likes_string)
cats$likes_string
[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
c("a","b")
[1] "a" "b"
ab <- c("a", "b")
ab
[1] "a" "b"
c(ab,"c")
[1] "a" "b" "c"
c(ab, ab)
[1] "a" "b" "a" "b"
1:10
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
seq(10)
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
z <- seq(10)
head(z, n=3)
[1] 1 2 3
length(z)
[1] 10
class(z)
[1] "integer"
typeof(z)
[1] "integer"
seq(0,100, by=5)
 [1]   0   5  10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80  85  90  95 100

Data Frames

cats
str(cats$coat)
 chr [1:3] "calico" "black" "taffy"
coats <- c("tabby", "tortoiseshell", "tortoiseshell", "black", "tabby")
coats
[1] "tabby"         "tortoiseshell" "tortoiseshell" "black"         "tabby"        
str(coats)
 chr [1:5] "tabby" "tortoiseshell" "tortoiseshell" "black" "tabby"
factor(coats)
[1] tabby         tortoiseshell tortoiseshell black         tabby        
Levels: black tabby tortoiseshell
categories <- factor(coats)
class(coats)
[1] "character"
class(categories)
[1] "factor"
str(categories)
 Factor w/ 3 levels "black","tabby",..: 2 3 3 1 2

Lists

list_example <- list(title="Numbers", numbers = 1:10, data=TRUE)
list_example
$title
[1] "Numbers"

$numbers
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

$data
[1] TRUE
another_list <- list(1, "a",TRUE, 1+1i)
another_list
[[1]]
[1] 1

[[2]]
[1] "a"

[[3]]
[1] TRUE

[[4]]
[1] 1+1i
typeof(list_example)
[1] "list"
class(list_example)
[1] "list"
typeof(cats)
[1] "list"
class(cats)
[1] "data.frame"
data.frame(list_example)
cats
cats[,2]
[1] 2.1 5.0 3.2
cats[3,]
cats[2:3,c(1,3)]

Matricies

matrix_example <- matrix(0, ncol=5, nrow=3)
matrix_example
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    0    0    0    0    0
[2,]    0    0    0    0    0
[3,]    0    0    0    0    0
class(matrix_example)
[1] "matrix" "array" 
typeof(matrix_example)
[1] "double"
str(matrix_example)
 num [1:3, 1:5] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
dim(matrix_example)
[1] 3 5
ncol(matrix_example)
[1] 5
nrow(matrix_example)
[1] 3
class(data.frame(matrix_example))
[1] "data.frame"
df_example <- data.frame(matrix_example)
df_example

Subsetting

p <- c(2.3,6.9,4.0,24.3,2)
p
[1]  2.3  6.9  4.0 24.3  2.0
names(p) <- c('a','b','c','d','e')
p
   a    b    c    d    e 
 2.3  6.9  4.0 24.3  2.0 
p[2:4]
   b    c    d 
 6.9  4.0 24.3 
p[c(1,5)]
  a   e 
2.3 2.0 
p[c(1,1,1,3,5,5)]
  a   a   a   c   e   e 
2.3 2.3 2.3 4.0 2.0 2.0 
p[6]
<NA> 
  NA 
p[-3]
   a    b    d    e 
 2.3  6.9 24.3  2.0 
p[c(-1,-5)]
   b    c    d 
 6.9  4.0 24.3 
p[-(2:4)]
  a   e 
2.3 2.0 
p[c('a','c')]
  a   c 
2.3 4.0 
p[c(T,F,T,F,T)]
  a   c   e 
2.3 4.0 2.0 
p[names(p) != 'c']
   a    b    d    e 
 2.3  6.9 24.3  2.0 

Factors

f <- factor(c('a','b','c','d','e'))
f
[1] a b c d e
Levels: a b c d e
f[f == 'a']
[1] a
Levels: a b c d e
f[1:3]
[1] a b c
Levels: a b c d e
f[f %in% c('b','c')]
[1] b c
Levels: a b c d e
f[-3]
[1] a b d e
Levels: a b c d e
f2 <- c('a','a','b','c','c')
f2
[1] "a" "a" "b" "c" "c"
f2[f2 == 'a']
[1] "a" "a"
f2[f2 %in% c('a','c')]
[1] "a" "a" "c" "c"

Matricies Resumed

set.seed(21)
m <- matrix(rnorm(6*4), ncol=4, nrow=6)
m
           [,1]         [,2]       [,3]        [,4]
[1,]  0.7930132 -1.570199630 -0.5484056 -0.78464137
[2,]  0.5222513 -0.934905667  0.1725495 -0.42569229
[3,]  1.7462222  0.063493345  0.5628531  0.39299759
[4,] -1.2713361 -0.002393336  1.5118180  0.03675713
[5,]  2.1973895 -2.276781240  0.6590252 -1.03208366
[6,]  0.4331308  0.757412225  1.1220281 -1.26486147
m[3:4, c(3,1)]
          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 0.5628531  1.746222
[2,] 1.5118180 -1.271336
m[,c(3,4)]
           [,1]        [,2]
[1,] -0.5484056 -0.78464137
[2,]  0.1725495 -0.42569229
[3,]  0.5628531  0.39299759
[4,]  1.5118180  0.03675713
[5,]  0.6590252 -1.03208366
[6,]  1.1220281 -1.26486147

Lists revisted

xlist <- list(a="BIOL48006220",b=seq(1,10,by = 0.5), data="Grade")
xlist
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"

$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0

$data
[1] "Grade"
xlist[1:2]
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"

$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist['a']
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"
xlist[['a']]
[1] "BIOL48006220"
xlist['b']
$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist[['b']]
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0

Data Frames Revisited

gp <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')
head(gp, n=10L)
head(gp[3], n=10L)
nrow(gp)
[1] 214
head(gp[["country"]], 10L)
 [1] "Aruba"                "Afghanistan"          "Angola"              
 [4] "Albania"              "Andorra"              "United Arab Emirates"
 [7] "Argentina"            "Armenia"              "American Samoa"      
[10] "Antigua and Barbuda" 
gp$X2001
  [1] "4.2"   "12.1k" "766k"  "7720"  "160"   "3110"  "327k"  "3320"  "177"   "93.2" 
 [11] "1.31M" "38.4k" "9960"  "1940"  "6720"  "40.4k" "71.2k" "19.1k" "34.5k" "4"    
 [21] "5100"  "21.1k" "83.4k" "14.5k" "10"    "547k"  "5.43M" "63"    "3940"  "26.3k"
 [31] "174k"  "228k"  "3.48M" "8.68"  "12k"   "160k"  "1.82M" "48.7k" "215k"  "1.43M"
 [41] "222k"  "623k"  "408"   "403"   "28.6k" "25.3k" "129"   "1720"  "26.4k" "114k" 
 [51] "56"    "479"   "5750"  "19.9k" "16.5k" "136k"  "605"   "11.1k" "174k"  "22.6k"
 [61] "184k"  "224k"  "10.2k" "155k"  "0.8"   "639"   "237k"  "34.6"  "29.8k" "27.7k"
 [71] "86.7k" "0"     "68.6k" "3460"  "21.3k" "26k"   "36.6k" "177"   "2.2"   "41.1k"
 [81] "240"   "186k"  "67.4k" "18.9k" "3800"  "19.5k" "1.01M" "680k"  "6480"  "96k"  
 [91] "8190"  "328"   "1530"  "85k"   "5280"  "975"   "249k"  "31.4k" "38.9k" "11.9k"
[101] "107k"  "11.8"  "110"   "64.6k" "51.3"  "173k"  "1380"  "81.6k" "2170"  "210"  
[111] "67"    "21.5k" "345"   "20.5k" "871"   "32.7k" "10"    "55.4k" "0"     "3500" 
[121] "129k"  "8.2"   "681k"  "94"    "9580"  "133k"  "3.5"   "342k"  "6260"  "142k" 
[131] "316"   "407k"  "4110"  "412"   "30k"   "195k"  "79.2k" "8380"  "13k"   "246k" 
[141] "51.6k" "3620"  ""      "121k"  "58.2k" "0"     "98.5k" "30"    "44.3k" "44.2k"
[151] "750k"  "72.2k" "398"   "363k"  "91.1k" "4420"  "64.1k" "32.8k" "223k"  "91.2" 
[161] "1490"  "0"     "64k"   "8.1M"  "2830"  "9770"  ""      "87.8k" "172"   "25.4k"
[171] "28.9k" "6650"  "10"    "73.6k" "24.8k" ""      "583"   "153k"  "19k"   "12.4k"
[181] "281k"  "4760"  ""      "337"   "4440"  "105"   "61.9k" "12.6k" "192k"  "4100" 
[191] "41.3k" "9460"  "89.5"  "2360"  "6720"  "203k"  "10"    "529k"  "30.8k" "95.2k"
[201] "14.4k" "3.05M" "30.4k" "285"   "488k"  "36.6"  "201"   "121k"  "4420"  "1700" 
[211] "5490"  "177k"  "470k"  "183k" 
gp[c(1,3), 2:5]
gp[ which(gp$X1989 <= 100 & gp$X2019 >= 100),]

Conditionals and Flow

n <- 10

if (n < 10) {
  print("n is less than 10")
} else if (n > 10) {
  print("n is greater than 10")
} else {
  print("n is equal to 10")
}
[1] "n is equal to 10"
for (n in seq(0,20)) {
  if (n < 10) {
    print("n is less than 10")
  } else if (n > 10) {
    print("n is greater than 10")
  } else {
    print("n is equal to 10")
  }
}  
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is equal to 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
g <- 0 

while (g <=10) {
  print(paste(g,"is less than or equal to 10"))
  g <- g+1
}
[1] "0 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "1 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "2 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "3 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "4 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "5 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "6 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "7 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "8 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "9 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "10 is less than or equal to 10"

Plotting and Figures

install.packages("ggplot2")
also installing the dependencies ‘cli’, ‘colorspace’, ‘utf8’, ‘farver’, ‘labeling’, ‘lifecycle’, ‘munsell’, ‘RColorBrewer’, ‘viridisLite’, ‘fansi’, ‘pillar’, ‘pkgconfig’, ‘vctrs’, ‘gtable’, ‘isoband’, ‘scales’, ‘tibble’, ‘withr’

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/cli_3.4.1.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1284000 bytes (1.2 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.2 MB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/colorspace_2.0-3.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 2624460 bytes (2.5 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 2.5 MB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/utf8_1.2.2.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 196851 bytes (192 KB)
==================================================
downloaded 192 KB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/farver_2.1.1.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1943238 bytes (1.9 MB)
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The downloaded binary packages are in
    /var/folders/_0/6sf9j_5d6gs3m4rcg_7lqy1r0000gn/T//RtmpZ5guiU/downloaded_packages
library(ggplot2)
forestdata <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')

head(forestdata)
ggplot(data=forestdata, mapping=aes(x=X1989, y=X2019)) + geom_point()

gp <- read.csv('gapminder_all.csv')
gp
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_1952, y=pop_1952)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_2002, y=pop_2002)) + geom_point()

gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv")
head(gapminder)
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) + geom_line()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) + geom_line(mapping = aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25) + scale_x_log10()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25, color="purple", size = 0.9, pch = 9) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method=lm, color="gold", size=1.25)

africas <- gapminder[gapminder$continent == "Africa", ]
head(africas)
ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )

AfricanLifeExp <- ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
ggsave(filename = "AfricanLifeExp.png", plot = AfricanLifeExp, width = 24, height = 40, dpi = 300, units = "cm")
pdf(file = "AfricanLifeExp.pdf", width = 24, height = 40)
plot(AfricanLifeExp)
dev.off()
null device 
          1 
write.table(gapminder, file="gapminder_web.csv", sep = ",")
write.csv(africas, file="gapminder_web_africas.csv")

Statistics

Additional ways of importing/reading data

rand <- c(12, 54, 33, 98, 65)
rand
[1] 12 54 33 98 65
sum(rand)
[1] 262
length(rand)
avg.rand <- sum(rand)/length(rand)
avg.rand
[1] 52.4
mean(rand)
[1] 52.4
sort(rand)
[1] 12 33 54 65 98
min(rand)
[1] 12
max(rand)
[1] 98
cumsum(rand)
[1]  12  66  99 197 262
diff(rand)
[1]  42 -21  65 -33
rand[2]
[1] 54
rand*2
[1]  24 108  66 196 130
pedes <- scan()
pedes

Analyses

univariate statistics

  1. Catoegorical Data
  1. Barplots
beer <- c(3, 4, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 3, 1)
length(beer)
[1] 25
barplot(beer)

barplot(table(beer), xlab="Beer", ylab="frequency") # Counts

barplot(table(beer)/length(beer), xlab="Beer", ylab="Proportion") # Proportions instead of frequencies

  1. Pie Charts
pie(table(beer), main="Beer preferrence by students")

  1. Numerical Data
  1. Stem-and-lead Plots
stem(pedes)
Error in stem(pedes) : object 'pedes' not found
  1. Strip
stripchart(pedes, method="stack")
Error in stripchart(pedes, method = "stack") : object 'pedes' not found
  1. Measures of Center
  1. Mean
##mean(pedes)
mean(gapminder2$lifeExp)
Error in mean(gapminder2$lifeExp) : object 'gapminder2' not found
  1. Median
median(pedes)
median(gapminder$lifeExp)
with(gapminder, median(lifeExp))
  1. Mode
which(table(pedes) == max(table(pedes)))
  1. Variation
  1. Range
range(pedes)
diff(range(pedes))
  1. variance
var(pedes)
sd(pedes)

C. IQRs

IQR(pedes)
scale(pedes)
  1. summary
summary(pedes)
  1. Plot
  1. histograms
##hist(pedes, breaks="scott")
##hist(pedes, breaks+"scott", prob=TRUE)
#hist(pedes, breaks="scotts", prob=T)
##plot(density(pedes))
  1. Box plots
#boxplot(pedes)
#summary(boxplot(pedes))

Bivariate and multivariant

spid.gen <- read.csv("data/spider_genitalia.csv", header = T)
Warning: cannot open file 'data/spider_genitalia.csv': No such file or directoryError in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection
##bxoplot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
##plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb, pch = as.character(spid.gen$habitat))
Error in FUN(X[[i]], ...) : object 'spid.gen' not found

C. Linear regression

gen.reg <- lm(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
Error in eval(predvars, data, env) : object 'spid.gen' not found
summary(gen.reg)
Error in summary(gen.reg) : object 'gen.reg' not found
###plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb, pch + as.character(spid.gen$habitat))
##abline(gen.reg)
  1. Correlation Coefficients & Soearman Rank Correlation
cor.gen <- with(spid.gen, cor(left.bulb, right.bulb))
Error in with(spid.gen, cor(left.bulb, right.bulb)) : 
  object 'spid.gen' not found
##spearman.cor.gen <- with(spid.gen, cor(left.bulb, right.bulb, methof"spearman"))
##spearman.cor.gen^2
  1. residuals
#####residuals(gen.reg)
  1. transformation
#3plot(spid.gen$left.bulb^2~spid.gen$right.bulb)
  1. Comparing Discrete Treatment Effects a. chi-squared
obs_weighted <- c(4,15,6,15,18,2)
obs_fair <- c(10,10,10,10,10,10)
exp <- c(.16,.17,.16,.17,.17,.17)
chisq.test(obs_weighted, p=exp)
chisq.test(obs_fair, p=exp)
  1. T-tests
#H0 - true mean is equal to 0, but you can set true mean to other values with mu=
##t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length)

##t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length, mu=29)
#habitat.t2 <- t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length~spid.gen$habitat)
#habitat.t2
#habitat.tless <- t.test(spid.gen$left.bulb, alternative = "less")
#habitat.tless
#habitat.tgreater <- t.test(spid.gen$left.bulb, alternative = "greater")
#habitat.tgreater
plot(1:25, rep(0.25,25), pch=1:25, col=1:25, ylim=c(0,6), cex=2, ylab="Line types (lty) 1 to 6", xlab="Plotting character (pch) 1 to 25 and colours (col) 1 to 8", main="Line types (lty), plotting characters (pch), \nand colors (col) for plot and xyplot", lab=c(25,7,2))

points(1:8, rep(0.5,8), pch=20, col=1:8, cex=4)

abline(h=1:6, lty=1:6, col=1:6, lwd=3)

pdf("./DATA/PlotCheatSheet.pdf")
Error in pdf("./DATA/PlotCheatSheet.pdf") : 
  cannot open file './DATA/PlotCheatSheet.pdf'

Looping and Conditionals

  1. If then statments
x <- 0
if(x > 0){
  print("positive number")
} else if (x < 0) {
  print("negativce number")
} else 
  print("zero")
[1] "zero"
a <- c(5,7,2,9)
ifelse(a %% 2 == 0, "even", "odd")
[1] "odd"  "odd"  "even" "odd" 
  1. For loops
z <- c(2,5,3,7,8,9,11,7)
count <- 0 

for (val in z) {
  if(val %% 2 == 0) count = count+1
}
print(count)
[1] 2
  1. while statement
i <- 1
while (i < 5) {
  print(i)
  i = i+1
}
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
  1. Interruptions
x <- 1:5

for (val in x) {
  if (val == 3) {
    break
  }
  print(val)
}
[1] 1
[1] 2
x <- 1:5
for (val in x) {
  if (val == 3) {
    next
  }
  print(val)
}
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 4
[1] 5
x <- 1:5
repeat {
  print(x)
  x = x+1
}
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[1] 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018
[1] 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019
[1] 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020
[1] 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021
[1] 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022
[1] 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023
[1] 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024
[1] 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025
[1] 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026
[1] 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027
[1] 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028
[1] 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029
[1] 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030
[1] 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031
[1] 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032
[1] 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033
[1] 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034
[1] 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035
[1] 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036
[1] 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037
[1] 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038
[1] 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039
[1] 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040
[1] 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041
[1] 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042
[1] 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043
[1] 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044
[1] 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045
[1] 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046
[1] 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047
[1] 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048
[1] 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049
[1] 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050
[1] 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051
[1] 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052
[1] 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053
[1] 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054
[1] 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055
[1] 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056
[1] 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057
[1] 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058
[1] 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059
[1] 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060
[1] 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061
[1] 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062
[1] 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063
[1] 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064
[1] 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065
[1] 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066
[1] 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067
[1] 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068
[1] 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069
[1] 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070
[1] 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071
[1] 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072
[1] 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073
[1] 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074
[1] 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075
[1] 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076
[1] 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077
[1] 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078
[1] 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079
[1] 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080
[1] 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081
[1] 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082
[1] 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083
[1] 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084
[1] 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085
[1] 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086
[1] 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087
[1] 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088
[1] 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089
[1] 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090
[1] 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091
[1] 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092
[1] 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093
[1] 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094
[1] 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095
[1] 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096
[1] 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097
[1] 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098
[1] 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099
[1] 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100
[1] 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101
[1] 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102
[1] 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103
[1] 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104
[1] 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105
[1] 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106
[1] 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107
[1] 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108
[1] 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109
[1] 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110
[1] 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111
[1] 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112
[1] 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113
[1] 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114
[1] 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115
[1] 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116
[1] 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117
[1] 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118
[1] 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119
[1] 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120
[1] 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121
[1] 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122
[1] 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123
[1] 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124
[1] 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125
[1] 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126
[1] 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127
[1] 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128
[1] 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129
[1] 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130
[1] 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131
[1] 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132
[1] 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133
[1] 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134
[1] 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135
[1] 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136
[1] 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137
[1] 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138
[1] 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139
[1] 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140
[1] 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141
[1] 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142
[1] 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143
[1] 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144
[1] 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145
[1] 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146
[1] 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147
[1] 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148
[1] 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149
[1] 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150
[1] 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151
[1] 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152
[1] 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153
[1] 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154
[1] 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155
[1] 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156
[1] 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157
[1] 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158
[1] 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159
[1] 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160
[1] 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161
[1] 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162
[1] 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163
[1] 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164
[1] 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165
[1] 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166
[1] 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167
[1] 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168
[1] 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169
[1] 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170
[1] 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171
[1] 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172
[1] 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173
[1] 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174
[1] 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175
[1] 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176
[1] 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177
[1] 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178
[1] 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179
[1] 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180
[1] 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181
[1] 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182
[1] 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183
[1] 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184
[1] 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185
[1] 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186
[1] 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187
[1] 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188
[1] 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189
[1] 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190
[1] 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191
[1] 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192
[1] 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193
[1] 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194

randomization and dataset management (short)

  1. dataset managment
B <- matrix(
  c(2,3,4,1,5,98), 
  nrow=3,
  ncol=2
)

B
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    1
[2,]    3    5
[3,]    4   98
t(B)
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    2    3    4
[2,]    1    5   98
C <- matrix(
  c(7,4,2),
  nrow = 3,
  ncol = 1
)

C
     [,1]
[1,]    7
[2,]    4
[3,]    2
BC <- cbind(B,C)

BC
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    2    1    7
[2,]    3    5    4
[3,]    4   98    2
c(B)
[1]  2  3  4  1  5 98
  1. Ranomizations
# rnorm(n, mean, sd)
# sample(x, size, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL)
ndist <- rnorm(100, 50, 10)
ndist
  [1] 47.73035 57.45589 53.32819 38.75960 42.93869 42.72456 31.65686 45.92312 50.26861
 [10] 59.11629 66.34346 50.60686 68.47573 50.80125 64.18556 64.58616 50.55877 34.82759
 [19] 49.51421 47.85643 70.95818 52.02323 55.17724 66.78143 53.85245 37.18113 44.17849
 [28] 67.74119 47.89328 46.47893 55.85172 60.13685 49.77431 40.96845 59.07773 61.61943
 [37] 45.42047 59.27957 28.97065 33.22833 67.65656 57.94447 45.16130 69.28359 46.15884
 [46] 34.13323 52.14302 38.61718 54.89414 32.47363 55.01017 50.86756 51.91074 58.31839
 [55] 43.20968 52.95862 61.12166 53.62590 47.29085 48.03054 50.66955 41.32198 46.37994
 [64] 38.60450 41.84629 63.10246 47.41639 56.06265 53.13448 50.53603 61.28254 44.41867
 [73] 65.35959 49.37554 50.21575 29.10173 41.89111 20.56210 49.81204 46.45320 50.35570
 [82] 54.94119 43.40192 60.01142 60.72084 57.55766 35.44535 59.42871 31.29725 47.46728
 [91] 47.07438 52.18768 36.44931 48.77273 45.48135 50.97248 46.81898 44.16238 50.67285
[100] 53.55466
mean(ndist)
[1] 49.99382
sd(ndist)
[1] 10.0121
hist(ndist)

sample(ndist, 10)
 [1] 47.07438 43.20968 52.18768 69.28359 50.60686 59.27957 46.37994 57.55766 65.35959
[10] 47.73035
test <- 1:100
test
  [1]   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21
 [22]  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40  41  42
 [43]  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60  61  62  63
 [64]  64  65  66  67  68  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84
 [85]  85  86  87  88  89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100
sample(test, 50, replace = FALSE)
 [1]  47  56  87  91  78  50  88  92  79  32  74  85  35  55  59  60   3  75  96  38  90  52
[23]  73  45  57  99  12  93  21  23  26  86  95  43  49  61  84  14   7  28  41  34 100   5
[45]  19   4  94   9  37  98
sample(test, 50, replace = TRUE)
 [1]  8 86 90 46 62 78 75 12 84  4 61 94 85 42 80  7 22 46 51 21 82 58 15 92 40 44 54 45 13
[30] 95 24 98 64 92  3 71 96 19 63  1 76 85  4 34 65 21 73 72 95 46
---
title: "R Notebook"
output:
  pdf_document: default
  html_notebook: default
  html_document:
    df_print: paged
---

### Enviornment
1 + 100

2^2

7/2

4-1

2*2

3 + 5*2

(3+5)*2

2e2

2/100000

sin(1)

log(1)

exp(0)

1 == 1

1 >= 1

1 < 1

1 != 2


x <- 10

x <- 10

x

x + x

x - 5

x^2

y <- x + x

y

1:5

2^(1:5)

v <- 1:5

2^v

log10(v)

```{r}


```

## Package managment

```{r}
installed.packages()
```
```{r}
#install.packages("vegan", dependencies = TRUE)
```

```{r}
#library(vegan)
```

```{r}
#remove.packages("vegan")
```

## Getting Help
```{r}
?plot()
```
```{r}
help(plot)
```
```{r}
?"<-"
```
```{r}
vignette("FAQ-vegan")
```

```{r}

```


## Data and their formats

```{r}
cats <- data.frame(coat = c("calico", "black", "taffy"),
                   weight = c(2.1,5,3.2),
                   likes_string = c(1,0,1))
```

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
getwd()
```
```{r}
write.csv(cats, file = "./cats.csv")
```

```{r}
#cats <- read.csv("./data/cats/csv")
```

```{r}
cats$coat
```
```{r}
cats$weight
```

```{r}
cats$weight*10
```
```{r}
log(cats$weight)
```
```{r}
logweight <- log(cats$weight)
cbind(cats,logweight)
```
```{r}
cats <- cbind(cats,logweight)
```

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
paste("My cat is ", cats$coat, ", and it weighs ", cats$weight, " kg.", sep="")
```

### Data types

```{r}
typeof(cats$coat)
```

```{r}
typeof(cats$weight)
```

```{r}
typeof(cats$likes_string)
```

```{r}
typeof(3.14159)
```
```{r}
typeof(FALSE)
```
```{r}
typeof(TRUE)
```
```{r}
typeof(T)
typeof(F)
```
```{r}
typeof(cats)
```
```{r}
class(cats)
```
```{r}
file.show("./data/cats.csv")
```

```{r}
#cats$likes_string <- as.logical(cats$likes_string)
#type
```
```{r}
#cats$likes_string
```
```{r}
c("a","b")
```

```{r}
ab <- c("a", "b")
ab
```

```{r}
c(ab,"c")
```

```{r}
c(ab, ab)
```

```{r}
1:10
```

```{r}
seq(10)
```

```{r}
z <- seq(10)
head(z, n=3)
```
```{r}
length(z)
```

```{r}
class(z)
```

```{r}
typeof(z)
```

```{r}
seq(0,100, by=5)
```


### Data Frames

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
str(cats$coat)
```

```{r}
coats <- c("tabby", "tortoiseshell", "tortoiseshell", "black", "tabby")
coats
```
```{r}
str(coats)
```
```{r}
factor(coats)
```
```{r}
categories <- factor(coats)
class(coats)
class(categories)
```
```{r}
str(categories)
```

### Lists

```{r}
list_example <- list(title="Numbers", numbers = 1:10, data=TRUE)
```
```{r}
list_example
```
```{r}
another_list <- list(1, "a",TRUE, 1+1i)
another_list
```

```{r}
typeof(list_example)
class(list_example)
```
```{r}
typeof(cats)
class(cats)
```

```{r}
data.frame(list_example)
```
```{r}
cats
```
```{r}
cats[,2]
```

```{r}
cats[3,]
```

```{r}
cats[2:3,c(1,3)]
```

### Matricies

```{r}
matrix_example <- matrix(0, ncol=5, nrow=3)
```

```{r}
matrix_example
```


```{r}
class(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
typeof(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
str(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
dim(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
ncol(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
nrow(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
class(data.frame(matrix_example))
```
```{r}
df_example <- data.frame(matrix_example)
df_example
```

### Subsetting

```{r}
p <- c(2.3,6.9,4.0,24.3,2)
p
```
```{r}
names(p) <- c('a','b','c','d','e')
p
```
```{r}
p[2:4]
```
```{r}
p[c(1,5)]
```
```{r}
p[c(1,1,1,3,5,5)]
```
```{r}
p[6]
```
```{r}
p[-3]
```
```{r}
p[c(-1,-5)]
```
```{r}
p[-(2:4)]
```
```{r}
p[c('a','c')]
```
```{r}
p[c(T,F,T,F,T)]
```
```{r}
p[names(p) != 'c']
```

### Factors

```{r}
f <- factor(c('a','b','c','d','e'))
f
```

```{r}
f[f == 'a']
```

```{r}
f[1:3]
```
```{r}
f[f %in% c('b','c')]
```

```{r}
f[-3]
```

```{r}
f2 <- c('a','a','b','c','c')
f2
```
```{r}
f2[f2 == 'a']
```
```{r}
f2[f2 %in% c('a','c')]
```

### Matricies Resumed

```{r}
set.seed(21)
m <- matrix(rnorm(6*4), ncol=4, nrow=6)
m
```

```{r}
m[3:4, c(3,1)]
```
```{r}
m[,c(3,4)]
```

### Lists revisted

```{r}
xlist <- list(a="BIOL48006220",b=seq(1,10,by = 0.5), data="Grade")
xlist
```

```{r}
xlist[1:2]
```

```{r}
xlist['a']
```

```{r}
xlist[['a']]
```

```{r}
xlist['b']
```

```{r}
xlist[['b']]
```

```{r}
xlist$b
```

### Data Frames Revisited 

```{r}
gp <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')
```

```{r}
head(gp, n=10L)
```
```{r}
head(gp[3], n=10L)
```

```{r}
nrow(gp)
```

```{r}
head(gp[["country"]], 10L)
```

```{r}
gp$X2001
```

```{r}
gp[c(1,3), 2:5]
```

```{r}
gp[ which(gp$X1989 <= 100 & gp$X2019 >= 100),]
```

## Conditionals and Flow

```{r}
n <- 10

if (n < 10) {
  print("n is less than 10")
} else if (n > 10) {
  print("n is greater than 10")
} else {
  print("n is equal to 10")
}
```

```{r}
for (n in seq(0,20)) {
  if (n < 10) {
    print("n is less than 10")
  } else if (n > 10) {
    print("n is greater than 10")
  } else {
    print("n is equal to 10")
  }
}  
```
```{r}
g <- 0 

while (g <=10) {
  print(paste(g,"is less than or equal to 10"))
  g <- g+1
}
```

## Plotting and Figures

```{r}
#install.packages("ggplot2")
```

```{r}
library(ggplot2)
```

```{r}
forestdata <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')

head(forestdata)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=forestdata, mapping=aes(x=X1989, y=X2019)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
gp <- read.csv('gapminder_all.csv')
gp
```
```{r}
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_1952, y=pop_1952)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_2002, y=pop_2002)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv")
head(gapminder)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) + geom_line()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) + geom_line(mapping = aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25) + scale_x_log10()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25, color="purple", size = 0.9, pch = 9) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method=lm, color="gold", size=1.25)
```

```{r}
africas <- gapminder[gapminder$continent == "Africa", ]
head(africas)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
```

```{r}
AfricanLifeExp <- ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
```

```{r}
ggsave(filename = "AfricanLifeExp.png", plot = AfricanLifeExp, width = 24, height = 40, dpi = 300, units = "cm")
```

```{r}
pdf(file = "AfricanLifeExp.pdf", width = 24, height = 40)
plot(AfricanLifeExp)
dev.off()
```

```{r}
write.table(gapminder, file="gapminder_web.csv", sep = ",")
```

```{r}
write.csv(africas, file="gapminder_web_africas.csv")
```

## Statistics 

### Additional ways of importing/reading data

```{r}
rand <- c(12, 54, 33, 98, 65)
rand
```

```{r}
sum(rand)
```

```{r}
length(rand)
```

```{r}
avg.rand <- sum(rand)/length(rand)
avg.rand
```

```{r}
mean(rand)
```

```{r}
sort(rand)
```

```{r}
min(rand)
max(rand)
```

```{r}
cumsum(rand)
```

```{r}
diff(rand)
```

```{r}
rand[2]
```

```{r}
rand*2
```

```{r}
pedes <- scan()
```

```{r}
pedes
```

### Analyses

#### univariate statistics

1. Catoegorical Data
  a. Barplots
```{r}
beer <- c(3, 4, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 3, 1)
length(beer)
```

```{r}
barplot(beer)
```



```{r}
barplot(table(beer), xlab="Beer", ylab="frequency") # Counts
```

```{r}
barplot(table(beer)/length(beer), xlab="Beer", ylab="Proportion") # Proportions instead of frequencies
```

  b. Pie Charts
```{r}
pie(table(beer), main="Beer preferrence by students")
```

2. Numerical Data
  a. Stem-and-lead Plots
```{r}
##stem(pedes)
```

  b. Strip
```{r}
##stripchart(pedes, method="stack")
```

3. Measures of Center
  a. Mean
```{r}
##mean(pedes)
```

```{r}
##mean(gapminder2$lifeExp)
```

  b. Median 
```{r}
median(pedes)
```

```{r}
median(gapminder$lifeExp)
```

```{r}
with(gapminder, median(lifeExp))
```

  c. Mode
```{r}
which(table(pedes) == max(table(pedes)))
```

4. Variation
  a. Range
```{r}
range(pedes)
```

```{r}
diff(range(pedes))
```

  b. variance
```{r}
var(pedes)
```


```{r}
sd(pedes)
```

  C. IQRs
  
```{r}
IQR(pedes)
```

```{r}
scale(pedes)
```

  e. summary
```{r}
summary(pedes)
```


5. Plot
  a. histograms
```{r}
##hist(pedes, breaks="scott")
```

```{r}
##hist(pedes, breaks+"scott", prob=TRUE)
```

```{r}
#hist(pedes, breaks="scotts", prob=T)

```

```{r}
##plot(density(pedes))
```

  b. Box plots
```{r}
#boxplot(pedes)
```

```{r}
#summary(boxplot(pedes))
```

#### Bivariate and multivariant 

```{r}
##spid.gen <- read.csv("data/spider_genitalia.csv", header = T)
#spid.gen
```

```{r}
##bxoplot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
```

```{r}
##plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
```

```{r}
##plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb, pch = as.character(spid.gen$habitat))
```

  C. Linear regression
```{r}
##gen.reg <- lm(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb)
#gen.reg
```

```{r}
#summary(gen.reg)
```

```{r}
###plot(spid.gen$left.bulb ~ spid.gen$right.bulb, pch + as.character(spid.gen$habitat))
##abline(gen.reg)
```

  d. Correlation Coefficients & Soearman Rank Correlation

```{r}
#cor.gen <- with(spid.gen, cor(left.bulb, right.bulb))
#cor.gen^2
```

```{r}
##spearman.cor.gen <- with(spid.gen, cor(left.bulb, right.bulb, methof"spearman"))
##spearman.cor.gen^2
```

  e. residuals 
```{r}
#####residuals(gen.reg)
```

  f. transformation
```{r}
#3plot(spid.gen$left.bulb^2~spid.gen$right.bulb)
```

  2. Comparing Discrete Treatment Effects
    a. chi-squared

```{r}
obs_weighted <- c(4,15,6,15,18,2)
obs_fair <- c(10,10,10,10,10,10)
exp <- c(.16,.17,.16,.17,.17,.17)
chisq.test(obs_weighted, p=exp)
chisq.test(obs_fair, p=exp)
```

  b. T-tests
```{r}
#H0 - true mean is equal to 0, but you can set true mean to other values with mu=
##t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length)

##t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length, mu=29)
```

```{r}
#habitat.t2 <- t.test(spid.gen$carapace.length~spid.gen$habitat)
#habitat.t2
```

```{r}
#habitat.tless <- t.test(spid.gen$left.bulb, alternative = "less")
#habitat.tless
```


```{r}
#habitat.tgreater <- t.test(spid.gen$left.bulb, alternative = "greater")
#habitat.tgreater
```

```{r}
plot(1:25, rep(0.25,25), pch=1:25, col=1:25, ylim=c(0,6), cex=2, ylab="Line types (lty) 1 to 6", xlab="Plotting character (pch) 1 to 25 and colours (col) 1 to 8", main="Line types (lty), plotting characters (pch), \nand colors (col) for plot and xyplot", lab=c(25,7,2))

points(1:8, rep(0.5,8), pch=20, col=1:8, cex=4)

abline(h=1:6, lty=1:6, col=1:6, lwd=3)
```

```{r}
##pdf("./DATA/PlotCheatSheet.pdf")

##plot(1:25, rep(0.25,25), pch=1:25, col=1:25, ylim=c(0,6), cex=2, ylab="Line types (lty) 1 to 6", xlab="Plotting character (pch) 1 to 25 and colours (col) 1 to 8", main="Line types (lty), plotting characters (pch), \nand colors (col) for plot and xyplot", lab=c(25,7,2))

##points(1:8, rep(0.5,8), pch=20, col=1:8, cex=4)

##abline(h=1:6, lty=1:6, col=1:6, lwd=3)

#dev.off()
```

## Looping and Conditionals

a. If then statments

```{r}
x <- 0
if(x > 0){
  print("positive number")
} else if (x < 0) {
  print("negativce number")
} else 
  print("zero")
```

```{r}
a <- c(5,7,2,9)
ifelse(a %% 2 == 0, "even", "odd")
```

b. For loops

```{r}
z <- c(2,5,3,7,8,9,11,7)
count <- 0 

for (val in z) {
  if(val %% 2 == 0) count = count+1
}
print(count)
```

c. while statement
```{r}
i <- 1
while (i < 5) {
  print(i)
  i = i+1
}
```

d. Interruptions

```{r}
x <- 1:5

for (val in x) {
  if (val == 3) {
    break
  }
  print(val)
}
```

```{r}
x <- 1:5
for (val in x) {
  if (val == 3) {
    next
  }
  print(val)
}
```

```{r}
x <- 1:5
repeat {
  print(x)
  x = x+1
}
```

## randomization and dataset management (short)

a. dataset managment
```{r}
B <- matrix(
  c(2,3,4,1,5,98), 
  nrow=3,
  ncol=2
)

B
```

```{r}
t(B)
```

```{r}
C <- matrix(
  c(7,4,2),
  nrow = 3,
  ncol = 1
)

C
```

```{r}
BC <- cbind(B,C)

BC
```

```{r}
c(B)
```

b. Ranomizations

```{r}
# rnorm(n, mean, sd)
# sample(x, size, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL)
```

```{r}
ndist <- rnorm(100, 50, 10)
ndist
```

```{r}
mean(ndist)
sd(ndist)
```

```{r}
hist(ndist)
```


```{r}
sample(ndist, 10)
```

```{r}
test <- 1:100
test
```

```{r}
sample(test, 50, replace = FALSE)
```

```{r}
sample(test, 50, replace = TRUE)
```

